Krumboltz’s theory of planned happenstance, Tā Krumboltz ariā o te pai pea o te kore āta whakamahere

Krumboltz’ theory of planned happenstance, developed from 1995 to the early 2000s, emerged from his earlier work including the Social learning theory of career decision making.

Krumboltz proposed that chance events play a significant role in shaping career paths. Rather than viewing these events as random or disruptive, he argued that individuals can learn to recognise, create and make the most of unexpected opportunities.

This theory challenges the traditional idea of linear career planning and instead embraces flexibility, curiosity and adaptability as essential career skills.

At the core of this theory is that unpredictable social factors, chance events and environmental factors are important influences on clients’ lives.

Krumboltz identified skills that help individuals to actively engage with chance events, turning them into meaningful career experiences.

• Curiosity – exploring new experiences.
• Persistence – pushing through setbacks.
• Flexibility – adapting to change.
• Optimism – believing in possibilities.
• Risk-taking – acting even when outcomes are uncertain.

These skills support people to turn chance events into career opportunities.

The role of career practitioners is to help clients approach chance conditions and events positively. This includes:

• encouraging people to be curious and remain open to unexpected opportunities. When working with students create space for them to try new activities or experiences that could lead to future pathways.
• creating opportunities for people to engage in career events, work placements and hands-on learning experiences. When working with students encourage them to be open to trying things that may lead to exploring career opportunities and personal development.

This approach can also support adults re-entering the workforce or changing careers, helping them reframe unexpected events as potential opportunities.

This theory helps people stay open, flexible and positive about career opportunities. It suits real-life situations where plans often change. It can be empowering for those feeling stuck.

But it may feel unclear for people who like structure. Success can be hard to define when career paths are shaped by unexpected events rather than clear goals.