Chaos theory of careers, Te ariā kaumingomingo o ngā aramahi

This theory helps career practitioners support clients in navigating uncertainty and making meaning from unexpected changes. It emerged in the early 2000s as a response to traditional career models no longer reflecting the realities of modern work.

Developed by Robert Pryor and Jim Bright, this theory is systems-based. It views individuals as part of interconnected systems, such as whānau, education, culture, health and the labour market, and states that both the individual and the system influence, and are influenced by, career development. It challenges linear career models by recognising complexity, unpredictability and the impact of chance.

Key concepts of this theory:

• Unpredictability – careers are shaped by unexpected events and do not follow a straight trajectory. Small changes can have big impacts.
• Complexity – many factors interact. These include personality, culture, networks, and environment (whānau, culture, labour market) that shape career development.
• Adaptability – change is constant. Resilience and flexibility help people respond effectively.
• Chance events – unplanned opportunities can redirect career paths.
• Edge of chaos – there is a space between order and disorder where creativity and growth happen.
• Non-linear paths – careers don’t follow a straight line. They twist, turn and evolve.

Practitioners can use Chaos theory to help people:

• embrace uncertainty and explore new opportunities
• recognise and use transferable skills
• learn from setbacks and adapt
• develop optimism and resilience
• create backup plans (Plan B, C)
• stay aware of job market changes and upskill accordingly.

When working with students, practitioners can use this theory to specifically support students to:

• adapt to change, helping students become comfortable with uncertainty by teaching them to navigate change and value their transferable skills.
• be flexible, encouraging openness to shifting career paths and adjusting plans as new opportunities arise.
• stay engaged, supporting students to stay focused on their goals while remaining curious and open to new possibilities.

Chaos theory encourages career practitioners to see career development as dynamic and interconnected. It supports clients to navigate complexity, embrace change and find meaning in unexpected turns. This theory recognises that:

• career development is influenced by many factors, including economic conditions, personal values, whānau and culture.
• change is a natural part of life.
• the future is uncertain.
• setbacks can be opportunities for growth.

Chaos Theory of Careers: A New Perspective on Working in the Twenty-First Century, by Jim Bright and Robert Pryor (2011). Published by Routledge.

Chaos Theory for Career Counsellors, Career Theories and Models at Work: Ideas for Practice, by Nancy Arthur, Roberta Borgen (Neault) and Mary McMahon. Published by CERIC, 2019.

Career Development from Chaos to Clarity – The Chaos Theory of Careers, October 2025, by Lori Jazvac, October 2025. Online article.

Career Development From Chaos to Clarity - The Chaos Theory of Careers - Career Professionals of Canada